The amount you’re willing to put toward your new home’s down payment helps your lender determine which type of mortgage suits you best and how much to lend. However, there is no standard answer to how much down payment you need when purchasing a house. While paying too much can have an adverse effect on your savings, paying too little can come with an increased monthly payment, interest, and fees.
In order to determine how much the down payment would work best for you, you need to take the specifics of your situation into account.
If you think you need to pay around 20% of a home’s selling price as a down payment, you’re not far off the mark. This typically holds true for conventional mortgages and comes with its share of benefits. However, you may also qualify for a conventional mortgage by paying 5% to 15% of a home’s price as a down payment by opting to pay for private mortgage insurance (PMI) as well.
Other types of mortgages have their own down payment requirements:
Your creditworthiness can have an effect on the down payment requirement. For example, you may qualify for the 3.5% down payment requirement through an FHA loan only if your credit score is 580 or higher. Otherwise, you need to pay at least 10% as a down payment.
Once a lender pre-approves your mortgage, you get an indication of the maximum loan amount you qualify to borrow. By this stage, you’ve already informed your lender about your income, assets, debts, and an estimated down payment amount. It is only after taking these factors into account and checking your creditworthiness does a lender determines how much to lend to you.
When it comes to how much you can afford to buy a house for, the general rule of thumb suggests that you should limit its price to two or two and a half times your annual income. As a result, if you earn $150,000 per year, you can afford a home that costs $300,000 to $375,000. If you plan to put 20% down on a property that costs $300,000, you will need to pay $60,000. Similarly, if you wish to pay 10%, it would amount to $30,000.
Instead of choosing to borrow the maximum that a lender is willing to lend, you need to take a close look at the estimated monthly mortgage payments you will need to manage. This is because if your monthly mortgage payments and other debts combined exceed your gross monthly income by 40% or so, you might have problems keeping up with your repayments.
It was only in 2020 that the requirement of having a debt to income ratio of 43% or less to qualify for a mortgage was removed through an amendment in the Qualified Mortgage Definition under the Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z). This requirement now depends on price-based thresholds.
If you are an existing renter, you need to realize that there is more to buying a home than paying its selling price. For starters, you will need to pay closing costs. The national average closing costs for single-family homes stood at a little over $6,000 in 2020.
New home buyers also need to account for additional expenses that will come their way in the form of ongoing maintenance/repair costs, homeowner’s insurance, property taxes, as well as possible Home Owners Association (HOA) fees. Determine how much you should pay as a down payment only after your account for all these costs.
If you wish to buy a second home, bear in mind that most lenders require at least 20% as a down payment and some even ask for 25% or 30%. Besides, buying a second home limits the types of mortgages for which you may apply. For instance, you cannot get an FHA, USDA, or VA loan to fund the purchase of a second home.
Data released by The Ascent, a Motley Fool service, through its Average Down Payment on a House 2021 report, provides these numbers surrounding average down payments on houses in the U.S.:
While average down payments give you some indication of how much you might need to pay, you need to arrive at the down payment that works best for you by considering your home buying goal, your financial profile, and your budget.
Since the down payment is the biggest upfront cost you will incur when buying a home, you need to account for the effect it will have on your mortgage in the long run. This is because the interest rate you get from your mortgage provider and the monthly payments you need to make going forward vary depending on how much you pay upfront.
The interest rate that accompanies your mortgage is a key factor in determining the affordability of your monthly payments. When you make a large down payment, there is a distinct possibility that you can qualify for a better rate, and even a slightly lower rate will lead to significant long-term savings. However, it is important to weigh the impact of short-term costs with long-term savings before making a decision.
Consider this example of a conventional 30-year mortgage to understand just how your down payment affects the cost of your mortgage in the short- and long term. The cost of the house in both cases is $250,000.
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
In the second scenario where you make a 20% down payment and get a 0.2% lower interest rate, your monthly payments reduce by around $230 for the first 66 months, and nearly $140 for the remainder of your loan term. The total amount you would end up saving on interest would be a little more than $25,000.
While you end up paying more interest through the course of your mortgage in the first scenario, you will also need to make payments to cover for PMI until your loan-to-value (LTV) ratio drops below 80%. However, making a one-time lump sum payment of $50,000 might require that you rework your existing financial obligations and even consider dipping into your savings for retirement.
Looking at long-term feasibility is crucial when deciding how much down payment is ideal in your case. Once you take a look at the types of loans for which you qualify and determine the value of homes you can afford, you can see the difference that decreasing or increasing your down payment makes on your monthly payments and you can adjust accordingly.
While your income, assets, debt, and creditworthiness play a role in how much a lender might be willing to lend, mortgage providers look at how much you are willing to put toward a down payment when determining what interest rate should apply on your mortgage. It is commonplace for lenders to offer better interest rates to borrowers who make higher down payments.
In some instances, lenders require that borrowers make higher-than-usual down payments to offset the risk that might come with low credit scores. Conversely, you might qualify for a low down payment if you have excellent creditworthiness.
Lenders use the down payment amount to determine the LTV ratio, which, in turn, helps establish the risk that accompanies a mortgage. The LTV ratio basically highlights the equity you have in the house. If you buy a house that costs $250,000, for example, and you make a down payment of $50,000 (20%), the LTV ratio amounts to 80%. Lenders look at LTV ratios of 80% and lower with favor, as it reduces their risk, which is why they offer more competitive interest rates in such cases.
Making a down payment of 20% or more comes with various benefits:
Possible downsides of making a large down payment include:
Making a large down payment is usually a good option, although it should not come at the cost of disrupting your other finances. Besides, there are other ways to reduce the cost of your mortgage as well.
Consider making a large down payment only if you have adequate savings to cover for any type of emergency as well as enough money to pay your closing costs. If you think your down payment is causing you to stretch beyond your means, you might want to consider lowering it a bit.
No matter how you plan to fund your down payment, determining just how much money you can afford to part with upfront is crucial. Not only does this have a bearing on how a lender views your application, but it also affects the overall cost of your loan. Besides, you may start making offers when you have a down payment figure in mind.
Arrive at an amount you can put toward the down payment only after taking your existing finances into account. Make sure you retain some money to address unexpected expenses in the future. If you’re unsure about what might work best for you, consider discussing the matter with your loan officer.
Resources:
[1] Caporal, J. June 2021. Average Down Payment on a House 2021: $27,850. The Ascent. Viewed August 20, 2021.https://www.fool.com/the-ascent/research/average-down-payment-house/
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